`g11.1` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(width=4.8, height=4, device=device)
  oldpar <- par(mfrow=c(2,6),mar=c(4.6,2.6,1.6,1.1),mgp=c(1,.5,0),
                oma=c(0,3,0,0))
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  require(DAAG)
  data(spam7)
  nam <- c("crl.tot", "dollar", "bang", "money", "n000", "make")
  nr <- sample(1:dim(spam7)[1],500)
  yesno<-spam7$yesno[nr]
  spam7 <- spam7[nr,nam]
  nam2 <- names(spam7)
  nam2[2] <- "$"
  nam2[1] <- "Total runs"
  nam2[5] <- "000"
  spam7.2 <- spam7
  spam7.2[,1]<-log(spam7.2[,1]+0.5)
  spam7.2[,2:6]<-log(spam7.2[,2:6]+0.5)
  for (namtxt in nam){
    boxplot(split(spam7[,namtxt],yesno),cex=0.65,axes=F,boxwex=0.5)
    box()
    par(mgp=c(1,.75,0))
    axis(2)
    par(mgp=c(1,.25,0))
    axis(1,at=1:2,labels=c("n","y"))
    i <- match(namtxt,nam)
    mtext(side=1,line=1.75,nam2[i],adj=0.5)
    if(i==1)mtext(side=1,line=2.75,"of capitals")
  }
  xval <-c(.1,.2,.5,1,2,5,10,20,50,100,200,500,1000,2000)
  for (namtxt in nam){
    boxplot(split(spam7.2[,namtxt],yesno),cex=0.65,axes=F,boxwex=0.5)
    box()
    ranx <- range(spam7[,namtxt])
    yloc<-xval[xval>=min(ranx)&xval<max(ranx)]
    par(mgp=c(1,.75,0))
    axis(2,at=log(yloc+0.5),labels=paste(round(yloc,1)))
    par(mgp=c(1,.25,0))
    axis(1,at=1:2,labels=c("n","y"))
    i <- match(namtxt,nam)
    if(i==1){mtext(side=2,line=0.75,"(Logarithmic scales)",outer=T,at=0.25)
             mtext(side=1,line=2.75,"of capitals")}
    mtext(side=1,line=1.75,nam2[i],adj=0.5)
  }

  figtxt <- paste("Scatterplot matrix for selected variables, in 200 out",
                  "\nof 4601 rows in the SPAM data base.  Mail was all",
                  "\nreceived by one individual.  The figure on the left",
                  "\nis for untransformed data, while that on the right is",
                  "\nfor log transformed data.")
  cat(figtxt, "\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
}

`g11.10` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")gfile(width=1.5, height=1.5, device=device)
    if(!exists("mifemb.rpart"))
       mifem.rpart <- rpart(outcome ~ ., method="class",  
                     data = mifem, cp = 0.0025) 
    if(!exists("spam7b.rpart"))
      mifemb.rpart <- prune(mifem.rpart, cp=0.006)
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(1.6,1.6,1.1,1.6),mgp=c(1.1,.5,0),oma=c(0,0,0,0))
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    plot(mifemb.rpart)
    par(xpd=TRUE)
    text(mifemb.rpart, use.n=T, digits=3)
    par(xpd=FALSE)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g11.11` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")gfile(width=4.5, height=3.75, device=device)
    if(!exists("spam7a.rpart"))
      spam7a.rpart <- rpart(yesno ~ crl.tot+dollar+bang+money+
                            n000+make, data=spam7, cp=0.001)
    if(!exists("spam7b.rpart"))spam7b.rpart <-
      prune(spam7a.rpart, cp=0.003)
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(1.1,1.1,0.6,1.1),mgp=c(1.5,.5,0),oma=c(0,0,0,0),  
                cex=0.8)
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    plot(spam7b.rpart,uniform=T)
    text(spam7b.rpart,cex=0.9,digits=3)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g11.12` <-
function(acc.df=acctree.df, device=""){
    if(device!="")gfile(width=4, height=2, device=device)
    ## for(i in 1:100){cvmat2[i,] <- compare.acc.trees(); cat(i,"\n")}    
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(4.1,4.1, 1.6, 1.6), mgp=c(2.5, 0.75,0), pty="s",
                mfrow=c(1,2)
                )
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    lims <- range(acc.df[,c(2,7,8)], na.rm=TRUE)
    
    plot(rfcvI ~ rftest, data=acc.df, xlab="Error rate - subset II",
         ylab="OOB Error - fit to subset I", xlim=lims, ylim=lims)
    abline(0,1)
    mtext(side=3, line=0.25, "A", adj=0)
    plot(rptest ~ rftest, data=acc.df, xlab="Error rate - subset II",
         ylab="rpart Error rate, subset II",
         xlim=lims, ylim=lims)
    abline(0,1)
    mtext(side=3, line=0.25, "B", adj=0)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g11.2` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")gfile(width=3.0, height=2.75, device=device)
    nam <- c("crl.tot", "dollar", "bang", "money", "n000", "make")
    library(rpart)
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(1.1,1.1,0.6,0.6),mgp=c(1.5,.5,0),oma=c(0,0,0,0))
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    if(!exists("spam7.rpart"))
      spam7.rpart<-rpart(formula = yesno ~ crl.tot + dollar + bang
                         + money + n000 + make, data=spam7)
    plot(spam7.rpart)
    par(xpd=TRUE)
    text(spam7.rpart)
    par(xpd=FALSE)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g11.3` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(width=2.25, height=2.25, device=device)
  require(rpart)
  nam <- c("crl.tot", "dollar", "bang", "money", "n000", "make")
  Criterion <- factor(paste("Leaf", 1:5))
  Node <- c(1,2,3,4,5)
  tree.df <- data.frame(Criterion = Criterion, Node = Node)
  nobs <- dim(tree.df)[[1]]
  u.tree <- rpart(Node ~ Criterion, data = tree.df,
                  control = list(minsplit = 2, minbucket = 1))
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(1.1, 1.1, 0.6, 1.1))
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  plot(u.tree, uniform=T)
  par(xpd=T)
  text(u.tree)
  par(xpd=F)
  tx <- paste("Tree labelling.  For generating this illustrative tree,",
              "\nthe only term used to determine the split is a variable",
              "\nwith the name `Criterion'.  More generally, different",
              "\nvariable or factor names may appear at different nodes.",
              "\nTerminal nodes (`leaves') are numbered 1, ..., 5")
  cat(tx, "\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible()
}

`g11.4` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(width=2.25, height=2.25, device=device)
  nam <- c("crl.tot", "dollar", "bang", "money", "n000", "make")
  fac <- factor(rep(paste("Leaf", 1:2), 3))
  x <- rep(1:3, rep(2, 3))
  Node <- 1:6
  assign("tree.df", data.frame(fac = fac, x = x, Node = Node))
  nobs <- dim(tree.df)[[1]]
  u.tree <- rpart(Node ~ fac + x, data = tree.df,
                  control = list(minsplit = 2, minbucket = 1, cp = 1e-009))
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(1.1, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1), mgp = c(1, 0.5, 0),
                oma=c(0.5,0.5,0,0))
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  plot(u.tree, uniform=T)
  par(xpd=TRUE)
  text(u.tree)
  par(xpd=FALSE)
  figtxt <- paste(
                  "Here an illustrative tree is generated from",
                  "\none explanatory factor (`fac') and one explanatory",
                  "\nvariable (`x').  For factors, the levels that lead",
                  "\nto a branch to the left are given.  For variables,",
                  "\nthe range of values is given that leads to taking",
                  "\nthe left branch.", sep = "")
  cat(figtxt,"\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible()
}

`g11.5` <-
function(cuts = c(1845, 2567.5, 2747.5, 3087.5, 3855), device="")
{
  require(MASS)
  data(car.test.frame)
  if(device!="")gfile(width=2.75, height=2.75, device=device)
  titl <- paste("Mileage versus Weight, for cars described in US April 1990",
                "\nConsumer Reports.", sep = "")
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(4.1,4.1,1.6,1.1), mgp = c(2.5, 0.75, 0))
  par(mex = 1, cex = 1)
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  assign("car.df",car.test.frame)
  attach(car.df)
  u.lo <- loess(Mileage~Weight, data = car.df, span = 2/3)
  plot(Mileage~Weight, data=car.df, xlab = "Weight", 
       ylab = "Miles per gallon", sub = "")
  xy <- loess.smooth(Weight, Mileage)
  ord<-order(xy$x)
  lines(xy$x[ord],xy$y[ord])
  new.df <- data.frame(Weight = cuts)
  hat <- predict(u.lo, newdata = new.df)
  new.df$hat <- hat
  print(summary(u.lo))
  detach(car.df)
  cat(titl,"\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible(new.df)
}

`g11.6` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(width=3.25, height=2.5, device=device)
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  tx <- paste("Tree-based model for predicting Mileage given Weight,",
              "\nfor cars described in US April 1990 Consumer Reports.",
              "\nFor present illustrative purposes, split criteria have",
              "\nbeen changed from the RPART default, to increase the",
              "\nnumber of splits.  Notice that for this plot we have",
              "\nused uniform vertical spacing.")
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(1.6, 1.1, 1.6, 1.1), mgp = c(1, 0.5, 0),
                oma=c(0,1,0,0))
  par(mex = 1, cex = 1)
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  names(car.test.frame)[6] <- "Wt"
  car.tree <- rpart(Mileage~Wt, data=car.test.frame, control = 
                    list(minsplit = 10, minbucket = 5, cp = 0.0001))
  plot(car.tree, uniform = T)
  par(xpd=TRUE)
  text(car.tree, digits = 3, use.n = T)
  par(xpd=FALSE)
  cat(tx,"\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible(car.tree)
}

`g11.7` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(width=2.75, height=2.75, device=device)
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  titl <- paste("Tree-based model for the mileage given weight data of",
                "\nFig. 10.6, but with split criteria set to the RPART",
                "\ndefault, and with vertical spacing now set to reflect",
                "\nthe change in residual sum of squares.  (In Fig. 10.6,",
                "\nnon-uniform spacing would have given splits that were",
                "\nbunched up at the lower nodes.)")
  
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(1.1, 1.1, 1.1, 1.1), mgp = c(1, 0.5, 0),
                oma=c(0.5,0.5,0,0))
  par(mex = 1, cex = 1)
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  require(MASS)
  data(car.test.frame)
  car.tree <- rpart(Mileage ~ Weight, data = car.test.frame)
  plot(car.tree, uniform = F)
  text(car.tree, digits = 3, use.n = T)
  cat("\n",titl,"\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible(car.tree)
}

`g11.8` <-
function(device="")
{
  if(device!="")gfile(idth=4.5, height=2.5, device=device)
  titl <- paste("R plot designed to assist in choosing tree size for the",
                "\ncar weight & mileage data.")
  oldpar <- par(mar = c(4.1, 4.1, 3.1, 2.6), mgp = c(2.75, 0.75, 0))
  on.exit(par(oldpar))
  car.rpart1 <- rpart(Price~., data=car.test.frame, cp=0.0025)
  car.rpart2 <- rpart(Price~., data=car.test.frame, cp=0.0025)
  car.rpart3 <- rpart(Price~., data=car.test.frame, cp=0.0025)
  pr1 <- printcp(car.rpart1)
  pr2 <- printcp(car.rpart2)
  pr3 <- printcp(car.rpart3)
  cp <- pr1[,"CP"]
  cp0 <- sqrt(cp*c(Inf,cp[-length(cp)]))
  nsplit <- pr1[,"nsplit"]
  plot(nsplit,pr1[,"rel error"], xlab="No. of splits",
       ylab="Relative error", type="b")
  axis(3,at=nsplit, labels=paste(round(cp0,3)))
  mtext(side=3, line=2, "Complexity parameter")
  mtext(side =3, line=2.5,"A", adj=-0.2)
  plot(nsplit,pr1[,"xerror"], xlab="No. of splits",
       ylab="Xval relative error", type="b")
  lines(nsplit,pr2[,"xerror"],lty=2, type="b")
  lines(nsplit,pr2[,"xerror"],lty=3, type="b")
  lines(nsplit,pr3[,"xerror"],lty=3, type="b")
  axis(3,at=nsplit,labels=paste(round(cp0, 3)))
  mtext(side=3,line=2, "Complexity parameter")
  mtext(side =3, line=2.5,"B", adj=-0.2)
  cat(titl, "\n")
  if(device!="")dev.off()
  invisible()
}

`g11.9` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")hardcopy(width=2.5, height=2.5, device=device)
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(4.1,4.1,3.1,3.1),mgp=c(2,.5,0), oma=c(0,0,0,0), pty="s",
                las=0)
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    require(DAAG)
    data(mifem)
    if(!exists("mifem.rpart"))
      mifem.rpart <- rpart(outcome ~ ., data=mifem, cp=0.0025)
    plotcp(mifem.rpart)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`gdump` <-
function(fnam=NULL, prefix="~/r-book/ed2/figures/figs",
           xtras=c("hardcopy","renum.fun","renum.files"), splitchar="/ch"){
    if(is.null(fnam)){
      path <- getwd()
      pathtag <- strsplit(path, "/ch", fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
      fnam <- paste(prefix, pathtag[length(pathtag)],
                    ".R", sep="")
    }
    else fnam <- paste(prefix, fnam, sep="/")
    objnames <- c(objects(pattern="^g", envir=sys.frame(0)), xtras)
    cat("\nDump to file:", fnam, "\n")
    print(objnames)
    dump(objnames, fnam)
  }

`gsave` <-
function(fnam=NULL, prefix="~/r-book/ed2/figures/figs",
           splitchar="/ch", xtras=c("hardcopy","renum.fun","renum.files")){
    if(is.null(fnam)){
      path <- getwd()
      pathtag <- strsplit(path, "/ch", fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
      fnam <- paste(prefix, pathtag[length(pathtag)],
                    ".RData", sep="")
    }
    else fnam <- paste(prefix, fnam, sep="/")
    objnames <- c(objects(pattern="^g", envir=sys.frame(0)), xtras)
    cat("\nDump to file:", fnam, "\n")
    print(objnames)
    save(list=objnames, file=fnam)
  }

`gx11.1` <-
function(acc.df=acctree.df, device=""){
    if(device!="")gfile(width=4, height=2, device=device)
    ## for(i in 1:100){cvmat2[i,] <- compare.acc.trees(); cat(i,"\n")}    
    oldpar<-par(mar=c(4.1,4.1, 1.6, 1.6), mgp=c(2.5, 0.75,0), pty="s",
                mfrow=c(1,2)
                )
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    lims <- range(acc.df[,2:4], na.rm=TRUE)
    
    plot(rpcvI~rptest, data=acc.df, xlab="Error rate - subset II",
         ylab="cv Error - fit to subset I", xlim=lims, ylim=lims)
    abline(0,1)
    mtext(side=3, line=0.25, "A", adj=0)
    plot(rpSEtest~rptest, data=acc.df, xlab="Error rate -- subset II",
         ylab="Error - subset II, 1SE rule model",
         xlim=lims, ylim=lims)
    abline(0,1)
    mtext(side=3, line=0.25, "B", adj=0)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`hardcopy` <-
function(width=3.75, height=3.75, color=FALSE, trellis=FALSE,
           device=c("","pdf","ps"), path="~/r-book/ed2/Art/", file=NULL,
           format=c("nn-nn", "name"), split="\\.", pointsize=c(8,4),
           fonts=NULL,
           horiz=FALSE, ...){
    if(!trellis)pointsize <- pointsize[1]
    funtxt <- sys.call(1)
    nam <- strsplit(as.character(funtxt), "(", fixed=TRUE)[[1]][1]
    suffix <- switch(device, ps=".eps", pdf=".pdf")
    if(is.character(path) & nchar(path)>1 & substring(path, nchar(path))!="/")
      path <- paste(path, "/", sep="")
    if(is.null(file)) if(format[1]=="nn-nn"){
      if(!is.null(split))dotsplit <- strsplit(nam, split)[[1]] else
      dotsplit <- nam
      if(length(dotsplit)==1)dotsplit <- c("", dotsplit)
      nn2 <- paste(if(nchar(dotsplit[2])==1)"0" else "", dotsplit[2],
                   sep="")
      if(nchar(dotsplit[1])>0){
        numstart <- which(unlist(strsplit(dotsplit[1], "")) %in% paste(0:9))[1]
        nn1 <- substring(dotsplit[1], numstart)
        nn1 <- paste(if(nchar(nn1) == 1) "0" else "", nn1, "-", sep="")
      } else nn1 <- ""
      file <- paste(nn1, nn2, sep="")
    } else file <- nam
    if(nchar(file)>4 & substring(file, nchar(file)-nchar(suffix)+1)==suffix)
      suffix <- ""
    file <- paste(path, file, suffix, sep="")
    print(paste("Output will be directed to file:", file))
    dev.out <- device[1]
    dev.fun <- switch(dev.out, pdf=pdf, ps=postscript)
    if(trellis){
      library(lattice)
      if(device=="ps")
        trellis.device(file=file, device=dev.fun,
                       color = color, horiz=horiz, fonts=fonts,
                       width=width, height=height, ...) else
      trellis.device(file=file, device=dev.fun, fonts=fonts,
                     color = color, width=width, height=height, ...)

      trellis.par.set(list(fontsize=list(text=pointsize[1], points=pointsize[2])))
    } else
    if (dev.out!=""){
      print(c(width, height))
      if(device=="ps")
        dev.fun(file=file, paper="special",  horiz=horiz, fonts=fonts,
                width=width, height=height, pointsize=pointsize[1], ...) else
      dev.fun(file=file, paper="special", fonts=fonts,
              width=width, height=height, pointsize=pointsize[1], ...)      
    }
    if(trellis)trellis.par.set(list(fontsize=list(text=pointsize[1],
                                      points=pointsize[2])))
  }

`renum.fun` <-
function(from.prefix=NULL, to.prefix="g",from=4:1, to=4:1,
           splitchars="/ch", doit=F){
    path <- getwd()
    pathtag <- strsplit(path, splitchars, fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
    if(length(pathtag)==1)endbit <- "" else
    endbit <- pathtag[length(pathtag)]
    to.prefix <- paste(to.prefix, endbit, sep="")
    if(is.null(from.prefix))from.prefix <- to.prefix
    for(i in 1:length(to))
      {txt<-paste(to.prefix,".",to[i]," <- ", from.prefix,".",from[i],sep="")
       if(doit)eval(parse(text=txt),envir=sys.frame(0))
       print(txt)
       if(from.prefix!=to.prefix){
         rm.txt <- paste("rm(",from.prefix,".",from[i],")",sep="")
         if(doit)eval(parse(text=rm.txt),envir=sys.frame(0))
         print(rm.txt)
       }
     }
  }

`renum.files` <-
function(from.prefix="~/r-book/ed2/Art/10-", to.prefix="~/r-book/ed2/Art/",
           from=20:7, to=21:8, doit=F){
    path <- getwd()
    pathtag <- strsplit(path, "/ch", fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
    endbit <- pathtag[length(pathtag)]
    if(nchar(endbit)==2)chap <- paste(endbit) else
    chap <- paste("0",endbit,sep="")
    to.prefix <- paste(to.prefix, chap, "-", sep="")
    if(is.null(from.prefix))from.prefix <- to.prefix
    for(i in 1:length(from)){
      if (from[i]<=9) ltext <- paste("0",from[i],sep="")
      else ltext <- paste(from[i])
      if (to[i]<=9) rtext <- paste("0",to[i],sep="")
      else rtext <- paste(to[i])            
      txt<-paste("mv ", from.prefix, ltext, ".eps", " ",
                 to.prefix, rtext, ".eps", sep="")
      backup<-paste("cp ", from.prefix, ltext, ".eps", " ",
                    "archive", sep="")
      if(doit)system(backup)
      if(doit)system(txt)
      print(backup)
      print(txt)
    }
  }