`g1.1` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")hardcopy(width=2.25,
                           height=2.25, device=device)
    oldpar <- par(mar = c(4.1,4.1,1.1,1.1), pty="s", mgp=c(2.5,0.75,0))
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    Year <- c(1800, 1850, 1900, 1950, 2000)
    Carbon <- c(8, 54, 534, 1630, 6611)
    plot(Carbon ~ Year, pch=16)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g1.2` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")hardcopy(device=device, width=2.3, height=2.3)
    oldpar <- par(mar = c(4.1,4.1,1.1,1.1), mgp=c(2.5,0.75,0),
                  cex.axis=0.875)
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    attach(primates)
    plot(x=Bodywt, y=Brainwt, pch=16,
         xlab="Body weight (kg)", ylab="Brain weight (g)", 
         xlim=c(0,300), ylim=c(0,1500))
    chw <- par()$cxy[1]
    chh <- par()$cxy[2]
    text(x=Bodywt, y=Brainwt+c(-.125,0,0,.125,0)*chh, 
         labels=row.names(primates), pos=4)
    detach(primates)
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`g1.3` <-
function(device=""){
    if(device!="")hardcopy(width=1.6, height=1, device=device, pointsize=7)
    oldpar <- par(mar=rep(0,4), mgp=rep(0,3))
    on.exit(par(oldpar))
    ## Start new plot; draw circle: center at (0,0), radius=0.95
    symbols(0, 0, circles=0.95, bg="gray", xlim=c(-1,2.25), ylim=c(-1,1),
            bty="n",
            inches=FALSE)         # inches=FALSE: radius is in x-axis units
    text(1.75, 0, expression("Area" == pi*phantom("'")*italic(r)^2))
      ## Character strings are allowed as 'variables' in 'expressions'
    arrows(0, 0, -0.95, 0, length=.05, code=3)   # code=3: arrows at both ends
    text(-0.45, -strheight("R"), expression(italic(r)))
    if(device!="")dev.off()    
  }

`g1.4` <-
function(width=4.0, height=2.25, pointsize=c(7,5), device=""){
    if(device!="") hardcopy(width=width, height=height,
                            color=F, pointsize=pointsize,
                            trellis=TRUE, device=device)
    trellis.par.set(list(superpose.symbol=list(pch=c(4,1), col=c(1,1)),
                         superpose.line=
                         list(lty=1:2)))
    ## Specify after opening any new graphics device
    here <- ais$sport %in% c("Row", "Swim")
    gph <- xyplot(ht ~ wt | sport, groups=sex, subset=here, data=ais,
                  auto.key=list(columns=2), aspect=1, scales=list(tck=0.5))
    print(trellis.par.get("fontsize"))
    print(gph)                             
    ## The parameter "span" controls the extent of smoothing.
    if(device!="")dev.off()
  }

`gdump` <-
function(fnam=NULL, prefix="~/r-book/ed2/figures/figs",
           splitchar="/ch"){
    if(is.null(fnam)){
      path <- getwd()
      pathtag <- strsplit(path, "/ch", fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
      fnam <- paste(prefix, pathtag[length(pathtag)],
                    ".R", sep="")
    }
    else fnam <- paste(prefix, fnam, sep="/")
    objnames <- c(objects(pattern="^g", envir=sys.frame(0)), "hardcopy")
    cat("\nDump to file:", fnam, "\n")
    print(objnames)
    dump(objnames, fnam)
  }

`gsave` <-
function(fnam=NULL, prefix="~/r-book/ed2/figures/figs",
           splitchar="/ch", xtras=c("hardcopy","renum.fun","renum.files")){
    if(is.null(fnam)){
      path <- getwd()
      pathtag <- strsplit(path, "/ch", fixed=TRUE)[[1]]
      fnam <- paste(prefix, pathtag[length(pathtag)],
                    ".RData", sep="")
    }
    else fnam <- paste(prefix, fnam, sep="/")
    objnames <- c(objects(pattern="^g", envir=sys.frame(0)), xtras)
    cat("\nDump to file:", fnam, "\n")
    print(objnames)
    save(list=objnames, file=fnam)
  }

`hardcopy` <-
function(width=3.75, height=3.75, color=FALSE, trellis=FALSE,
           device=c("","pdf","ps"), path=getwd(), file=NULL,
           format=c("nn-nn", "name"), split="\\.", pointsize=c(8,4),
           fonts=NULL,
           horiz=FALSE, ...){
    if(!trellis)pointsize <- pointsize[1]
    funtxt <- sys.call(1)
    nam <- strsplit(as.character(funtxt), "(", fixed=TRUE)[[1]][1]
    suffix <- switch(device, ps=".eps", pdf=".pdf")
    if(is.character(path) & nchar(path)>1 & substring(path, nchar(path))!="/")
      path <- paste(path, "/", sep="")
    if(is.null(file)) if(format[1]=="nn-nn"){
      if(!is.null(split))dotsplit <- strsplit(nam, split)[[1]] else
      dotsplit <- nam
      if(length(dotsplit)==1)dotsplit <- c("", dotsplit)
      nn2 <- paste(if(nchar(dotsplit[2])==1)"0" else "", dotsplit[2],
                   sep="")
      if(nchar(dotsplit[1])>0){
        numstart <- which(unlist(strsplit(dotsplit[1], "")) %in% paste(0:9))[1]
        nn1 <- substring(dotsplit[1], numstart)
        nn1 <- paste(if(nchar(nn1) == 1) "0" else "", nn1, "-", sep="")
      } else nn1 <- ""
      file <- paste(nn1, nn2, sep="")
    } else file <- nam
    if(nchar(file)>4 & substring(file, nchar(file)-nchar(suffix)+1)==suffix)
      suffix <- ""
    file <- paste(path, file, suffix, sep="")
    print(paste("Output will be directed to file:", file))
    dev.out <- device[1]
    dev.fun <- switch(dev.out, pdf=pdf, ps=postscript)
    if(trellis){
      library(lattice)
      if(device=="ps")
        trellis.device(file=file, device=dev.fun,
                       color = color, horiz=horiz, fonts=fonts,
                       width=width, height=height, ...) else
      trellis.device(file=file, device=dev.fun, fonts=fonts,
                     color = color, width=width, height=height, ...)

      trellis.par.set(list(fontsize=list(text=pointsize[1], points=pointsize[2])))
    } else
    if (dev.out!=""){
      print(c(width, height))
      if(device=="ps")
        dev.fun(file=file, paper="special",  horiz=horiz, fonts=fonts,
                width=width, height=height, pointsize=pointsize[1], ...) else
      dev.fun(file=file, paper="special", fonts=fonts,
              width=width, height=height, pointsize=pointsize[1], ...)      
    }
    if(trellis)trellis.par.set(list(fontsize=list(text=pointsize[1],
                                      points=pointsize[2])))
  }